Continuing Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Food Scarcity in New York

By

NYHealth

Funding Area

Healthy Food, Healthy Lives

Date

June 1, 2021

Healthy Food, Healthy Lives

Introduction

Introduction

Food insecurity is a secondary crisis of the coronavirus pandemic. Since the onset of the pandemic, millions of New Yorkers have lost employment or are living on a reduced household income, straining their ability to afford food.[1] [2] For many New Yorkers, savings are depleted, stimulus checks have long since been spent, and enhanced unemployment benefits are not sufficient to meet food needs. Furthermore, social distancing measures have disrupted previous pathways to food access, such as meals provided in community settings (e.g., houses of worship) or schools.

This report reviews self-reported survey data related to food scarcity in New York State during the coronavirus pandemic. It presents food scarcity rates by race and ethnicity, age, and household income, and compares New York State with neighboring states. Rates are also shown for child food scarcity. It assesses how frequently New Yorkers are accessing free meals and groceries and from which access points (e.g., school programs, food pantries). Finally, it measures which methods food-scarce New Yorkers are using to meet their household spending needs. Unless otherwise specified, results in this report are among adult New Yorkers.

Data from this report come from the COVID-19 Household Pulse Survey, an experimental data product designed by the U.S. Census Bureau in collaboration with multiple federal agencies. The survey, which is ongoing, is providing near real-time data on household experiences during the coronavirus pandemic. Prior NYHealth reports described trends related to food scarcity through July 2020 and through December 2020. This most recent report extends the analysis through March 2021, covering a full year since social distancing and stay-at-home orders were enacted. See Methods for more details on the survey and how it is used for this report.

How Do Current Trends Compare with Food Scarcity Before COVID-19?

The Household Pulse Survey began collecting data in April 2020, after the onset of the pandemic. To measure the change in food scarcity resulting from the pandemic, other data sources must be used as a benchmark for pre-pandemic periods. A widely used measure comes from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which reports data on food insecurity, a common approach to assessing food scarcity issues. USDA reported that 10.5% of households in New York State surveyed between 2016 and 2018 had experienced food insecurity in the last year.[3] USDA’s research uses different questions to measure food scarcity than the Pulse Survey, and asks about food access over the past year instead of the past week. Therefore, any comparisons with the Pulse data are imperfect. For example, it is likely that the food scarcity rates from the Pulse survey would be even higher if food scarcity were measured over the past year. For more details, see Methods.


[1] New York State Department of Labor. “NYS Economy Added 28,100 Private Sector Jobs in April 2021.” Accessed May 2021. https://dol.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2021/05/nys-economy-added-28100-private-sector-jobs-in-april-2021_0.pdf.
[2] New York State Department of Labor. “NYS Economy Added 11,500 Private Sector Jobs in February 2021.” Accessed May 2021. https://dol.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2021/03/nys-economy-added-11500-private-sector-jobs-in-february-2021.pdf.
[3] Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Matthew P. Rabbitt, Christian A. Gregory, and Anita Singh, “Household Food Security in the United States in 2018.” United States Department of Agriculture: Economic Research Report Number 270. Accessed May 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/94849/err-270.pdf.

Key Findings

Key Findings

  • In March 2021, 12% of adult New Yorkers reported that there was either sometimes or often not enough to eat in their household in the last 7 days (defined in this report as household food scarcity).
  • This is a decrease from the end of 2020, when 14% of adult New Yorkers reported household food scarcity. Recent federal policies—including two stimulus payments, the renewal of federal contributions supplementing State unemployment benefits, and a 15% increase to food stamp benefits—appear to be helping New Yorkers access and afford food.
  • New York State’s food scarcity rate was higher than those reported in neighboring states for nearly every month.
  • In March 2021, more than 1 in 5 adults with children in their household reported that the children were often or sometimes not eating enough in the prior week, because the household could not afford enough food. This was the highest rate since June 2020, when data collection on child food scarcity began.
  • There are stark disparities in food scarcity by race and ethnicity. In March 2021, more than 1 in 4 Hispanic New Yorkers (29%) and 1 in 5 Black New Yorkers (20%) reported household food scarcity in the last 7 days. These percentages were approximately 4 to 6 times higher than among white New Yorkers.
  • Mass losses in employment have likely contributed to increases in food scarcity. For nearly every month throughout the survey period, more than half of New Yorkers reported that they or someone in their household had lost employment income since the start of the pandemic. The rate of food scarcity was more than 2.5 times higher for those who reported lost household employment income during the pandemic, compared with those who did not (in March 2021, 18% compared with 7%).
  • Throughout the survey period, nearly 1 in 10 New Yorkers reported that their households were accessing free meals or groceries. In the first three months of 2021, school programs, food pantries, and food from friends, families, and neighbors were the most-used access points.
  • When asked which sources they were using to meet household spending needs in the last week, food-scarce New Yorkers in March 2021 most frequently responded that they borrowed from family and friends, used their stimulus payment, or relied on credit cards or loans.

Food Scarcity

Overall

Food Scarcity

Overall

  • 12% of adult New Yorkers reported household food scarcity in the prior week in March 2021 (see Figure 1). The food scarcity rate is defined as the percentage of the adult population that either sometimes or often did not have enough to eat in their household in the last seven days.
  • 83% of New Yorkers who reported household food scarcity in March 2021 said they did not have enough to eat because they could not afford to buy more food (data not shown).
  • There are stark disparities in food scarcity by race and ethnicity. In March 2021, more than 1 in 4 (29%) Hispanic adults and 1 in 5 (20%) Black adults reported household food scarcity in the prior week. These percentages were 4 to 6 times higher than among white New Yorkers. The rate among Asian New Yorkers (8%) was 1.6 times higher than among white New Yorkers (see “Race/Ethnicity” tab within Figure 1).
  • Rates of food scarcity were higher among younger (18 to 34 years old) and middle-aged adults (35 to 64 years old), ranging from 10% to 18% over the survey period, in comparison with adults 65 years and older, whose food scarcity rates ranged from 3% to 9% (see “Age” tab within Figure 1). One explanation for these findings may be that there are fewer older adults in the workforce, so their income was less likely than other age cohorts to be disrupted by job loss.
  • Higher food scarcity was associated with lower incomes. Self-reported food scarcity rates consistently surpassed 25% for households reporting less than $25,000 per year in income; households reporting annual income of $100,000 or more were consistently associated with food scarcity levels below 6% (see “Income” tab within Figure 1).[1]
  • New York State’s food scarcity rate was higher than those reported in neighboring states for nearly every month (see “State” tab within Figure 1). Although the New York State and national rates were similar in May 2020, New York’s rate surpassed the national average the following month and remained slightly higher than the national average for the rest of the survey period.
  • The decrease in the food scarcity rate since the peak in December 2020 was likely influenced by recent federal policies. At the end of December 2020, the federal government issued a second round of stimulus payments and renewed Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (additional federal money for people collecting state unemployment benefits during the pandemic), which had lapsed since the end of July 2020. In January 2021, food stamp benefits increased by 15%, and in mid-March 2021, the federal government issued a third round of stimulus payments. The decrease in the food scarcity rate during the period when these policies took effect suggests that federal aid is helping increase access to and affordability of food for New Yorkers.
[1] Household income is defined as total 2019 household income before taxes.

Child Food Scarcity

Food Scarcity

Childhood Food Scarcity

  • In March 2021, more than 1 in 5 adults with children in their household reported that the children were not eating enough in the last 7 days because the household could not afford enough food (defined as child food scarcity) (see Figure 2).[1]
  • Hispanic and Black adults reported the highest rates of child food scarcity in their households. In March 2021, 34% of Hispanic and 34% of Black adults living with children in the household reported child food scarcity in the prior week. These percentages were approximately 3.5 times higher than among white New Yorkers (see “Race/Ethnicity” tab within Figure 2).
  • There were stark disparities in child food scarcity across income brackets. In March 2021, New Yorkers earning less than $100,000 in household income reported child food scarcity rates 2 to 3 times higher than New Yorkers earning more than $100,000 (see “Income” tab within Figure 2).
[1] Households with children are defined as households where at least one person under the age of 18 lives in the household.

Employment Income Loss

Overall

Employment Income Loss

Overall

  • Mass losses in employment are likely a contributor to the increase in food scarcity among previously food-sufficient New Yorkers.
  • In March 2021, more than 50% of adult New Yorkers reported a loss in household employment income since the start of the pandemic (see Figure 3).
  • New Yorkers of color were more likely to experience a loss in household employment income over the course of the pandemic. In March 2021, 66% of Hispanic, 56% of Black, and 51% of Asian adults reported a loss in household employment income since the start of the pandemic. These percentages were 1.2 to 1.5 times higher than among white New Yorkers (see “Race/Ethnicity” tab within Figure 3).
  • Loss in household employment income was associated with households earning lower incomes. In March 2021, approximately 53% of households reporting less than $50,000 per year in income reported a loss in household employment income since the start of the pandemic; among households reporting an annual income of $100,000 or more, 42% reported a loss in household employment income (see “Income” tab within Figure 3).

Loss of Employment Income and Food Scarcity

Employment Income Loss

Loss of Employment Income and Food Scarcity

  • In March 2021, 18% of New Yorkers who reported a loss in household employment income since the start of the pandemic were food scarce in the prior week (see Figure 4). This rate was nearly three times higher than among New Yorkers who had not lost household employment income.
  • Rates were highest for New Yorkers of color, younger and middle-aged adults, and those with lower household incomes (see tabs within Figure 4).
  • Federal programs, including the Federal Economic Impact Payments (stimulus checks) and Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation, are intended to assist those who lost income as a result of COVID-19, including meeting their food needs. In recent months, these programs have been expanded. A second round of stimulus checks was issued at the end of December 2020, with a third round in mid-March 2021. Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (additional federal money provided to people collecting state unemployment benefits during the pandemic) was also reinstated in late December 2020. The recent decrease in food scarcity among New Yorkers who reported a loss in household employment income during the pandemic suggests that these federal benefits are effective in helping these households meet their food needs.
  • However, the fact that rates of food scarcity remain higher for New Yorkers who reported a loss of household employment income since the start of the pandemic indicates that these benefits may not be adequate to keep some New Yorkers food sufficient.
  • Losing household employment income appeared to have the largest effect on food scarcity among white New Yorkers in March 2021, relative to any other race or ethnicity. That month, white New Yorkers who lost household employment income during the pandemic had food scarcity rates more than 8 times higher than their counterparts who had not lost household employment income (10% as compared with 1%). This differential was substantially higher than among other races and ethnicities (see “Race/Ethnicity” tab within Figure 5). In March 2021, Hispanic and Black New Yorkers had relatively high food scarcity rates, even without employment income loss.

Free Meal and Grocery Programs

Overall

Free Meal and Grocery Programs

Overall

  • Many New Yorkers have turned to free meal and grocery programs to help meet their food needs during the pandemic.
  • Over the survey period, 7%–11% of adult New Yorkers lived in a household that had accessed free meals or groceries in the prior week (see Figure 6).
  • Hispanic and Black adults were consistently more likely to report that their households accessed free meals or groceries in the prior week over the survey period. In March 2021, approximately 20% of Hispanic adults and 12% of Black adults reported that their households accessed free meals or groceries, compared with 8% of Asian adults and 4% of white adults (see “Race/Ethnicity” tab within Figure 6).
  • Over the survey period, younger and middle-aged adults (ages 18–64) were generally more likely than older adults (ages 65 and older) to have accessed free meals or groceries (see “Age” tab within Figure 6).
  • In general, the lower an adult’s household income, the higher their household’s likelihood of having accessed free meals or groceries in the prior week. In March 2021, 22% of adults in the lowest-income group reported accessing free meals or groceries in the prior week (see “Income” tab within Figure 6).
  • If free meal and grocery programs were not available to New Yorkers, overall rates of food scarcity would likely be much higher, especially among New Yorkers of color and low-income households.

By Access Point

Free Meal and Grocery Programs

By Access Point

  • Over the course of the survey period, New Yorkers accessing free meals or groceries most frequently reported that they received food from a school program (see Figure 7).
  • The proportion of New Yorkers accessing free food who reported they used school programs decreased in the first three months of 2021, reaching 30% in March 2021.
  • In March 2021, more than a quarter of New Yorkers who accessed free food reported using pantries. A similar level of reliance on family, friends, and neighbors for food was reported.

Household Spending Sources

Household Spending Sources

  • When asked which methods their households had used in the past week to meet spending needs, more than half of food-scarce households in March 2021 reported they had borrowed money from friends or family, 46% reported they used a stimulus payment, and a third reported using credit cards or loans (see Figure 8). These were the three most commonly reported spending methods.
  • These spending sources are either not sustainable (e.g., a one-time stimulus payment) or likely to set up food-scarce households for further financial hardship in the future. These methods were also more commonly reported than public benefit programs designed to support low-income households, like SNAP and unemployment benefit payments (see Figure 8). These findings suggest that these programs are not meeting the food assistance needs of many New Yorkers. Furthermore, many New Yorkers in need of food assistance may not qualify for these programs or may face barriers to enrollment.

Methods

Data

Methods

Data

The data used for the analysis are part of the COVID-19 Household Pulse Survey, an experimental data product designed by the U.S. Census Bureau in collaboration with multiple federal agencies. The data are available from:

U.S. Census Bureau. “Household Pulse Survey Public Use File.” Accessed May 2021. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey/datasets.html.

The survey is designed to provide near real-time data on household experiences during the coronavirus pandemic across all states to inform federal and state recovery planning. Phase one of data collection began on April 23, 2020, and was generally conducted on a weekly basis until July 21, 2020. Phase two of data collection began on August 19, 2020, and was generally conducted every two weeks until October 26, 2020. Phase three of data collection began on October 28, 2020, and was generally conducted every two weeks until March 29, 2021. Households were contacted via e-mail and/or a mobile phone number to complete an internet questionnaire.

Only adults were surveyed. The Census Bureau drew the sampling frame from the Census Bureau Master Address File, supplemented by the Census Bureau Contact Frame. The Census Bureau weighted the survey responses to account for nonresponse. This weighting also adjusted the survey responses to be more representative of demographic distributions—including by educational attainment, sex, age, and race and ethnicity—in each state. Weighted data were used in the analysis based on the weights provided by the Census Bureau.

The unweighted counts of weekly responses in New York State are displayed in Table 1 below. More information on the survey design, including the survey instruments, is available from:

U.S. Census Bureau. “Household Pulse Survey Technical Documentation.” Accessed May 2021. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey/technical-documentation.html.

Calculation of Rates

Methods

Calculation of Rates

Throughout the report, rates are calculated as the percentage of the applicable (weighted) population that self-reported a certain attribute (e.g., being food scarce or having experienced a loss of employment income). Rates exclude individuals who did not respond to the question, as recommended by the Census Bureau. Although the survey was conducted on a weekly (during phase one) or biweekly (during phases two and three) basis, and results were reported as such by the Census Bureau, we reported results that combined multiple time periods of the survey. That is, we created monthly estimates by averaging the weekly or biweekly data approximately corresponding to each month (see Table 2 for the survey weeks assigned to each month). This was done to increase the sample size associated with each estimate and smooth out weekly or biweekly variation in estimates that may be a result of small sample sizes, particularly when reporting results on subgroups of the population.

Note: Week 1 and week 13 are not included in the analysis because they do not correspond to a full-month period. Data collection for week 1 took place April 23–May 5, 2020, and data collection for week 13 took place August 19–August 31, 2020.

Responses for each of the month periods were averaged without any additional weighting. That is, aside from the application of the survey weights supplied by the Census Bureau to make the results more generalizable to the full New York State population, no additional weighting was applied in the development of the rates for this analysis. More information on the weighting methodology used by the Census Bureau is available from:

U.S. Census Bureau. “Household Pulse Survey Technical Documentation.” Accessed May 2021. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey/technical-documentation.html.

Categorizations

Methods

Categorizations

Adults who responded that their household “sometimes” did not have enough to eat or “often” did not have enough to eat in the prior seven days were categorized as food scarce. Children were categorized as food scarce if an adult responded that the children in the household were “often” or “sometimes” not eating enough in the prior seven days because the household could not afford enough food.

Note that the food scarcity question on the Household Pulse Survey asks about the availability of food within the last week. A common approach for assessing food scarcity issues—typically referred to as food insecurity—asks about the availability of food over the prior 12 months. For example, the USDA reports such results, which are also used by food advocacy organizations such as Feeding America.[1] The USDA food insecurity research takes into account several facets of food availability, including cost barriers, consistency of food access issues, and the impact on mental and physical wellbeing. Given these differences in methods, it can be expected that the food scarcity rates reported here would differ from more traditional food insecurity estimates.

To analyze adults by race/ethnicity, we categorized adults with an ethnicity of Hispanic identified in the data as Hispanic. We categorized adults with an ethnicity of Non-Hispanic as Black only, Asian only, or white only, according to their race code identified in the data. Adults with a race identified in the data as “Other or two or more races” were excluded from analyses by race/ethnicity as a result of low counts.

Adults were categorized into age groups based on the birth year provided in the data. Because month and date of birth were not collected from survey respondents, ages were treated as the respondent’s age as of December 31, 2020, for data collected in 2020 and as of December 31, 2021, for data collected in 2021.

Household income is defined in the survey as total 2019 household income before taxes. Loss of household employment income since the start of the pandemic is defined as an adult or someone in their household experiencing a loss of employment income since March 13, 2020. Free meal access points are defined in greater detail in Table 3.

[1] Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Matthew P. Rabbitt, Christian A. Gregory, and Anita Singh, “Household Food Security in the United States in 2018.” United States Department of Agriculture: Economic Research Report Number 270. Accessed May 2021. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/94849/err-270.pdf.

Limitations

Limitations

Confidence intervals are not provided with the estimates. Although we attempted to improve the reliability of estimates by developing estimates based on multiple time frames of the survey, readers should interpret the precision of the estimates with caution, particularly those for subgroups of the New York State population. Rather than focusing on specific point estimates, these data are most useful for understanding the persistence of patterns over time, including the identification of changes in the direction of trends (e.g., persistent increases followed by persistent decreases), and the relativeness of estimates of one group in comparison with another (e.g., persistent patterns of differences in estimates by race).

As with most surveys, biases can occur in the survey estimates. The Census Bureau has identified certain biases as a result of measurement error, coverage error, nonresponse error, and processing errors that could have occurred in the administration of the COVID-19 Household Pulse Survey. For more details see the Limitations section at:

National Center for Health Statistics. “Household Pulse Survey.” Accessed May 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/mental-health.htm.

Some of the errors may have been more likely to occur because the COVID-19 Household Pulse Survey was meant to provide near real-time information during the pandemic. This meant there was limited time for testing questions to help ensure that survey questions were consistently clear to respondents. For example, it may be possible that respondents did not have a common understanding of what “before March 13th” meant for certain questions (i.e., immediately before versus anytime in the past). As another example, respondents who received free food through school-based meal programs in New York City via delivery may have categorized such programs as either a school-based program, a home-delivery program, or both. Processing errors (e.g., incorrect coding of data) may have also been more likely because of the rapid timeline.

Coverage error may have occurred as households were invited to participate in the survey via cellphone and e-mail. New Yorkers without cellphones, computers, or internet access therefore may have been underrepresented. For example, this likely influenced the low response for “shelter” as a food access point, as New Yorkers in shelters may be less likely to have access to this technology.

Also, the response rate for the Household Pulse Survey was substantially lower than many other federally sponsored surveys, which would make it more susceptible to nonresponse error. Although the federal government employs quality-control procedures to minimize certain biases, the extent of such biases has not yet been evaluated for the COVID-19 Household Pulse Survey.